March 15, 2011 against the backdrop of the so-called “Arab Spring” in Syria began mass anti-government demonstrations. Opponents of the regime have organized several protests in the capital, Damascus. Then the anti-government demonstrations broke out in the south of the country – on the border with Jordan town of Deraa
In April 2011, mass demonstrations demanding reform of the cardinal began across the country.. As a result of clashes with police killed people.
The profound political crisis has escalated during the internal armed conflict by the end of 2011. Late with the implementation of political reforms, the Syrian leadership has not kept pace with the progress of the protests. The requirements of the Syrian street, basically a Sunni, democratic rights and freedoms in line with other Arab countries quickly transformed into slogans to overthrow the regime of Bashar al-Assad (he Alava; Alawites – the religious minority Shia branch)
International. Red Cross Committee (ICRC) stated that he considers the conflict in Syria as a civil war.
sprawl crisis contributed to its unprecedented internationalization supporting antiasadovskoy opposition regional (Turkey, Arabian monarchy) and external (primarily the United States and France) players. The desire to change the past any price regime in Syria has led to the militarization of the conflict, the inflation of the irreconcilable opposition with money and weapons. Requirements for the departure of President Assad combined with forced formation as an alternative to the regime of “umbrella” opposition structures.
The first major opposition organization, bringing together disparate groups opponents of the regime in Damascus after the beginning of the armed conflict in Syria, became the Syrian National Council, established in 2011 in Turkey. A significant role in the organization play the Syrian “Muslim Brotherhood”
In November 2012 SNA entered into a broader formation of the Syrian opposition -. National Coalition of opposition and the revolutionary forces (NKORS). Natskoalitsiya been recognized a number of Arab and Western countries, but due to internal conflicts and could not work effectively. A number of armed groups in Syria announced that they do not consider Natskoalitsiyu its political wing and do not intend to abide by its decisions. In January of 2014 SNA NKORS left in protest against the decision Natskoalitsii to participate in peace talks on Syria.
At the same time went on the formation of the armed wing of the opposition under the “roof” of the so-called Free Syrian Army, set up immediately after the start of the conflict.
It is based were disparate militant groups fighting in different parts of Syria against Assad. These teams consisted mainly of soldiers and officers deserted. The main aim SAA declares the destruction of the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Later in the conflict, “Free Syrian Army” has merged with the so-called Free Officers Movement, which also consisted of deserters and their sympathizers. However, the presence of a unitary structure and a single PAS management is still questioned, many military analysts say that the construction of artificial, underlining that some groups are subject to their field commanders.
On the side of the government of the Syrian army fighting Alawite militia and Shia paramilitary groups from neighboring countries. Among them, for example, the Iraqi “Asaib Ahl al-Haq.” – Radical group known good level of combat training
In addition, in 2013, about his participation in the Syrian conflict on the side of the Syrian authorities said recognized in a number of countries “Hezbollah” the Lebanese Shiite terrorist organization. The interest of the Lebanese is to protect Syria’s Shiite minority
Independent party to the conflict -. Syrian Kurds, who make up between 9 and 11.5% of the population. Kurds compactly settled in the northern and north-eastern regions of the country and have long sought to create a broad autonomy to Kurdistan as part of Syria.
subversive and terrorist armed wing of the opposition activity over time has evolved into a large-scale guerrilla war on a broad “theater of war “. As a result, large areas of the country in the border with Turkey and Iraq came under the control of the armed opposition, and the “front line” is very close to the capital.
The logic of the conflict has led to polarization of Syrian society, fierce opposition, including interfaith basis. Against this background, in the camp of the armed opposition intensified position of Sunni Islamic radicals (alkaidovskaya grouping “Dzhebhat en-Nusra”, etc.) With their appeals to dzhihadizatsii insurgency. As a result, began to arrive in Syria thousands of “fighters for the faith” from all over the Arab-Muslim world.
On the territory of the country are of over thousands of armed anti-government groups, including more than 70 thousand people. Of these, tens of thousands are foreign mercenaries and the majority are extremists from more than 80 countries, including Muslim countries, the EU, US, Russia and China (Uighurs Muslims).
External support will strengthen the terrorist organization “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant” (LIH), later renamed the “Islamic state” (IG, Arabic. Daishev, banned in Russia). IG, having regard to the “Al-Qaeda”, gained the greatest force at the time of action in Syria, where fighting against government forces and has gained a reputation as one of the most violent. In the summer of 2014 the organization “Islamic State” proclaimed “caliphate” in the occupied territories of Syria and Iraq.
A new round of conflict arose in August 2013, when a number of media outlets reported about the large-scale application of the Syrian forces of chemical weapons in the vicinity of Damascus. The victims of more than 600 people have been attacks. Syrian National Coalition opposition claimed that the death toll could reach 1.3 thousand people. After the incident sides of the conflict have repeatedly declared his innocence, blaming the incident on opponents.
UN inspectors went to Damascus to collect the necessary tests and biological samples.
conducted UN mission investigation confirmed the fact of chemical attack, but the mission was not engaged in the definition of what side of the conflict has used nerve gas sarin.
The possible use of chemical weapons unleashed a global discussion on the need to start a military operation in Syria. In turn, Russian President Vladimir Putin condemned the position of those who called for a military solution to the conflict in Syria and took the initiative of setting under international control the Syrian military and chemical potential. September 28, 2013 the UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on Syria in support of the Organization Plan for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), aimed at the destruction of the Syrian chemical arsenals. At the end of June 2014 the export of chemical weapons from Syria has been completed. At the beginning of 2016, the OPCW said the total destruction of the Syrian chemical weapons.
September 10, 2014 US President Barack Obama announced the creation of an international coalition against the radical group “Islamic State.” However, according to experts, the actions led by Washington’s forces have not led to any significant success. Moreover, the coalition has been accused in the fact that as a result of air strikes killed civilians, not terrorists.
On September 30, 2015 Russia at the request of President of Syria beginning to apply point airstrikes on sites banned in Russia faction ” Islamic State “and” Dzhebhat en-Nusra “in the country. By January 2016 Aerospace forces with the participation of the Caspian flotilla ships and submarines of the Black Sea Fleet, “Rostov-on-Don” killed hundreds of militants and terrorists thousands of objects. Actions aerospace Russian forces after the treatment of the Syrian government have really helped to change the situation in Syria, have helped to ensure the restriction of the controlled space by terrorists.
In January 2015, Russia became the organizer of informal preliminary consultations between the representatives of the Syrian government and the opposition, the first round which was held on 26-29 January 2015 in Moscow. During the meetings, it was developed a common platform, a discussion was held with representatives of the Syrian government. As a result, agreed the so-called “Moscow’s principles”, which deals with the development of the political national consensus platform.
6-9 April 2015, Moscow hosted the second round of negotiations of the Syrian authorities and the opposition to find ways to resolve the crisis Syria. Parties failed to agree on a final document of the ten points.
December 18, 2015 for the first time in a long time and in a tense international situation, the member states of the UN Security Council failed to agree and adopt a resolution aimed at launching the peace process in Syria. The document envisages a ceasefire, the creation of a constitution in six months, holding for 18 months of elections and the establishment of a common anti-terrorist front.
As a basis for the political transition in the UN Security Council Syria endorsed the Geneva communique, “Action Group” on Syria by June 30, 2012 and “Viennese statements” (joint statement of 30 October 2015 on the results of multilateral talks on Syria, held in Vienna, and the statement of the International group of Syria’s support of 14 November 2015).
negotiations between the Syrian government and the representatives of the Syrian opposition began in Geneva on 29 January 2016 in accordance with UN Security Council resolution 2254. The UN special envoy on Syria on February 3, said that the talks in Geneva mezhsiriyskih came a temporary pause.
a new round has been planned February 25, but did not take place.
9 March in Geneva resumed indirect mezhsiriyskie negotiations.
February 22 published a joint statement by the US and Russia on Syria, according to which a truce between the forces of the government of Syria and armed opposition groups must come from 27 February, but it will not apply to the “Islamic State”, “Dzhebhat en-Nusra” (banned in the Russian Federation) and other parties recognized by the UN as terrorist.
ceasefire Syria officially came into force on February 27, at Damascus time on the night (01.00 MSK).
As of March 9, 2016 the total number of illegal armed formations (IAF), have declared their commitment to the implementation and acceptance conditions the cessation of hostilities, has reached 42.
As a result of the armed conflict, according to UN figures, killed more than 220 thousand people. According to the Russian Foreign Ministry, the total number of Syrian refugees in the world is 4.6 million people, the number of internally displaced persons has more than 7.6 million people.
13,5 million people in the country are in need of urgent assistance.
The material is based on information RIA Novosti and open source
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